The Battle Over Same-Sex Marriage Essay -- Gay Marriage

Same-sex marriage has developed into to a national issue. In 2003, the Massachusetts Supreme Court decided that equivalent sex couples reserved the option to wed which incited a firestorm of discussion. The conversation reaches out from private livings rooms and neighborhood watering gaps; right to the floor of the U.S. Congress and the White House. The discussion about same-sex marriage has become a hot catch issue, which pits mainstream progressives who bolster gay-rights against strict and social conventionalists battling for the holiness of marriage. At the point when La Shawn Barber, Anna Quindlen, Andrew Sullivan and the editors at National Review composed their conclusion pieces with respect to the subject of same-sex marriage the discussion had just been seething for a long time it despite everything is today. Independent essayist La Shawn Barber and the editors of National Review restrict same-sex marriage and contend that sanctioning same-sex marriage would on a very basic level rethink marriage and debilitate it as a social establishment. On the other hand, contributing editorial manager of Newsweek magazine, Anna Quindlen, and â€Å"The Daily Dish† blogger Andrew Sullivan bolster same-sex marriage and stress that equivalent sex couples ought to be dealt with the same than hetero couples, including with regards to one side to wed. In â€Å"The Loving Decision,† Quindlen utilizes the case of the notable legal dispute Loving v. Virginia, which authorized interracial marriage, to contend that gay people ought to be permitted to wed whomever they need. Quindlen keeps up that the Loving v. Virginia case is appropriate to the advanced battle for same-sex marriage since this is an issue of social equality infringement, much like the first case from 1968. Interestingly, Barber, counters in â€Å"Interracial Marriage: Slippery Slo... ...Branch of Public Health. Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. 18 Nov. 2003. Print. Quindlen, Anna. The Loving Decision. The Daily Beast. Newsweek/Daily Beast, 14 Nov. 2008. Web. 28 March 2015. . Sullivan, Andrew. The Right's Contempt For Gay Lives. The Atlantic. 8 Apr. 2009. Web. 28 March 2015. . Vamburkar, Meenal. Coulter To Hannity: Liberals Use Judicial Activism To Invent Rightsâ„ ¢ Like Abortion, Gay Marriage. Coulter To Hannity: Liberals Use Judicial Activism To Invent Rightsâ„ ¢ Like Abortion, Gay Marriage. 5 Apr. 2012. Web. 28 March 2015. .

Teaching Listening and Speaking free essay sample

Offer with us know your considerations and your encounters in Teaching Listening and Speaking in your school. Openly share your assessments on the accompanying themes. 1. What are your best achievements in showing these two aptitudes to your understudies? 2. What are a portion of the difficulties/issues you experienced in showing this two aptitudes? 3. What are your expectations and desires for this course? Much obliged to you Dr Lee Dear Doc, Thank you for posting these inquiries; honestly speaking I’ve as of now felt the weight and overwhelming errand on account of this new daily schedule of turning into an understudy and an educator simultaneously. In any case I’ll attempt my best to satisfy the assignment. Sorry if my answers are excessively long, I just can’t control the craving to compose. 1. The understudies in SK Pulau Gaya particularly in my group love impersonating other and singing melodies. They learn new dialect by mimicking individuals who can dazzle and cause them to have a ball whether in class or outside the class. We will compose a custom paper test on Showing Listening and Speaking or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Learning through encounters and watching the understudies, I attempt to adjust another methodology instead of utilizing the regular old tedious and exhausting technique. Fortunately I could play some instrument particularly the guitar, so starting there, there’s no turning around. From an exhausting class. I figured out how to transform my class into getting all the more vivacious and intelligent. By singing melodies, students are as of now captivating effectively in tuning in and talking process. Though, I sing the tune first as they attempt to tune in to the verses and a short time later they will attempt to sing it together. This procedure may sound cliche’ or possibly simply common however for me it had exactly the intended effect. What's more, retaining words, expressions or sentences appeared to have some little effect for the student. On the off chance that they like the tune that they’ve heard, at that point they will attempt their best to remember the verses in spite of the fact that it will require some investment. From talking the normal Bajau, Suluk/Tausug or Sabahan Malay language, a portion of my students have demonstrated their push to talk in English and ready to comprehend straightforward guidance, etc. Despite the fact that this can't be considered as a best achievement however for me this is something significant and can be the impetus for accomplishing better achievement later on. 2. Originating from a school that is missing of power, favorable educating and picking up encompassing, assortment of assets and so forth. Encouraging Listening and talking can be very extreme and intimidating.Not that I’m grumbling, yet it is an unforgiving reality that I’ve to live with. As an educator, we’re being guidance to be adaptable and imaginative. Students of my school are to a great extent speakers of local language, for example, Bajau and Suluk/Tausug language. 70 percent of them talk every day in their first language, just a little bit of them are speaking Sabahan Malay. So consistently saying, the understudies need to learn two additional dialects notwithstanding their own language. With restricted assets, it’s very trying for the educator to show dialects for the students here.If we are utilizing pointless, non-imaginative and non-commonsense methodology in training Listening and Speaking to them than a similar cycle will continue rehashing, the understudies will never hold nothing back from learn new dialects since they are not persuaded enough that the dialects, for example, English is fun and critical to them. In any case, some of them demonstrate enthusiasm to learn English yet everything relies upon the instructors to be proactive and underlined more on Listening and Speaking that apparently being dismissed ge nuinely which incorporates me. 3.

System Development - Tools and Techniques Essay

Framework Development - Tools and Techniques - Essay Example The reasons for data frameworks disappointment may along these lines include: - absence of research, hazard the board measures just as long haul responsibility. As far as expenses and their necessary capacities, the execution of data frameworks turns out to be progressively mind boggling step by step. Minor suppositions that an individual is in the situation of overseeing and IS venture without leading intensive earlier research, formal preparing, and the commitment of required skill would be an untruth (Korac-Boisvert and Kouzmin 1995). In accordance with the equivalent, all the partners of a data frameworks the executives directly from the administration, Information innovation staff and the initiative should t be locked in. Hazard assurance with respect to the task should be embraced just as components, for example, spending invades and postpones should be looked into and circulated typically before the undertaking is started (Westrup 1998). The assistance of this detailed arrange ment is significantly just conceivable when the administration connect all gatherings in setting a progressively reasonable period under which any given type of data framework is conveyed. The second reason for disappointment is the, â€Å"acceptability† of disappointments. ... In spite of being associated with rehashed prominent disappointments you will locate that a wellbeing organization despite everything prevails with regards to prevailing upon 60% of government contracts with the main looser being the citizen. The preparation given the appeal for their administrations at present doesn't appear to be of any criticalness as disappointment appears and thing to address and thus worthy or to a degree is even anticipated. The third reason is the absence of client purchase in and proprietorship. It ought to be noticed that in spite of a presentation of progress, there is have to persuade the clients of the effectiveness that is probably going to emerge out of a given new framework. These would incorporate the beginning of better work practices and better patient in the novel condition of the National Healthcare System (Slater 1996). Because of the logic depicted by most clinicians, the above variables might be of much an incentive to them just as the accommo dation realized by the utilization of data innovation framework. Disregarding the end clients of a framework might be very unfavorable; counseling them ought to along these lines be of need since this would empower the foundation of frameworks, which are of incredible significance to the clients of such data (ParA and Elam 1998). A model in the medicinal services framework would be the execution of the Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems. Such a framework is of much advantage to the administration since they furnish them with itemized data to empower their examination of the doctors. Then again, there is no expansion to the day by day practice of the doctor since with the log jams of the frameworks what results is more dissatisfaction (Westrup 1998). The framework turns out to be much progressively excess

Fiber Optic Cables Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fiber Optic Cables - Research Paper Example This technique utilizes gadgets, for example, visual flaw found or fiber optic tracer to investigate broken associations inside the fiber links. The philosophy includes a beam of light that is produced from one finish of the fiber link from one of these referenced gadgets. In the event that the light sign is noticeable at the opposite finish of the fiber, it reasons that the specific fiber isn't broken (Fiber Optics - Testing ). Nonetheless, if the link neglects to show the beam of light from the opposite end, it reasons that the specific link is broken or harmed from some place. The addition misfortune technique incorporates a laser that can reflect blames in a fiber link. The laser is red in shading and shows harmed zone of the links. Also, the strategy joins with the Optical Time Domain reflectometer that is utilized to gauge lengths of fiber links, to distinguish association misfortunes, recognize fiber surrenders, and in particular graft misfortunes from the fiber. The usefulnes s of OTDR includes a transmission of light from one finish of the fiber link. The light goes along the way and distinguish any potential oddities. In the event that the light experiences an impasse, a deformity, or a cut in fiber link, it reflects back estimating the separation of that specific flaw. The OTDR outline charts and follows on the screen joined on the gadget. The association misfortunes are determined from the measure of light that is reflected from that specific region of the fiber link (Fiber Optic Cable Testing ). In addition, the gadgets controlled by OTDR have given high accuracy.... The usefulness of OTDR includes a transmission of light from one finish of the fiber link. The light goes along the way and recognize any potential abnormalities. In the event that the light experiences an impasse, a deformity, or a cut in fiber link, it reflects back estimating the separation of that specific shortcoming. The OTDR delineate diagrams and follows on the screen fused on the gadget. The association misfortunes are determined from the measure of light that is reflected from that specific zone of the fiber link (Fiber Optic Cable Testing ). Besides, the gadgets fueled by OTDR have given high exactness estimations as far as fiber optic qualities. The gadgets are compact and can be utilized viably in the field. Therefore, the introduced fiber optics are resolved effectively as indicated by framework details. OTDR likewise gives benefits regarding powerful information move and revising deficiencies in an auspicious way (DeMeis 161). Moreover, the most generally utilized stra tegy for estimating misfortunes is the Optical Continuous-Wave Reflectometry (OCRW). The usefulness of this strategy includes a transmission of a persistent frequency through an interface, connector or a gadget that should be tried with the goal that the misfortunes can be determined in an orderly fashion. The light source that is transmitted in this strategy is aligned alongside the usage of finder upgraded optical force meter, the arrival misfortune computations can be accomplished with pinpoint exactness (Brown 48). Testing Devices The present applications controlled by web 2.0 are rich video, voice, streak, Ajax and so on so as to give high data transfer capacity limit Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing systems are significant. System word reference gives a most extensive meaning of this new innovation as â€Å"Dense

The Yellow Wallpaper †Journey into Insanity Essay Paper Example For Students

The Yellow Wallpaper †Journey into Insanity Essay Paper In The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the prevailing/compliant connection between a severe spouse and his accommodating wife drives her from gloom into madness. Imperfect human instinct appears to assume an incredible job in her breakdown. Her significant other, a prominent doctor, is reluctant to concede that there may truly be some kind of problem with his better half. This equivalent mentality is found in her sibling, who is likewise a doctor. While this demeanor, and the activities taken as a result of it, surely added to her breakdown; I can't help suspecting that there is an insubordinate soul in her. Maybe unwittingly she appears to be resolved to refute them. We will compose a custom exposition on The Yellow Wallpaper †Journey into Insanity Paper explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now As the story starts, the lady whose name we never learn recounts her downturn and how it is excused by her better half and sibling. He doesn't trust I am wiped out! What's more, what would one be able to do? In the event that a doctor of high standing, and ones own better half, guarantees companions and family members that there is actually nothing the issue with one except for impermanent apprehensive discouragement a slight insane * *Roberts 2tendency what is one to do? (Gilman 193). These two men the two specialists appear to be totally unfit to concede that there may be more to her condition than simply stress and a slight apprehensive condition. In any event, when a late spring in the nation and long stretches of bed-rest dont help, her significant other won't acknowledge that she may have a genuine issue. All through the story there are instances of the predominant compliant relationship. She is essentially detained in her room, as far as anyone knows to permit her to rest and recuperate her wellbeing. She is taboo to work, So I . . . am completely prohibited to work until I am well once more. (Gilman 193). She should compose: There comes John, and I should take care of this he would rather not have me compose a word. (Gilman 194). She has nothing to do with the area or stylistic layout of the room she is for all intents and purposes detained in: I dont like our room a piece. I wantedBut John would not know about it. (Gilman 193). She cannot have guests: It is so disheartening not to have any guidance and friendship about my workbut he says he would as before long put firecrackers in my cushion case as to let me have those animating individuals about at this point. (Gilman 196). Presumably in enormous part due to her abuse, she keeps on declining. I dont feel as though it was advantageous to turn my hand over for anything. . . (Gilman 197). It appears that her better half is careless in regards to her declining conditon, since he never concedes she has a genuine issue until* * *Roberts 3the finish of the story at which time he blacked out. John could have gotten gathering from somebody less actually engaged with her case, however the main assistance he looks for was for the house and infant. He acquires a babysitter to look out for the youngsters while he was away busy working every day: It is blessed Mary is so acceptable with the infant. (Gilman 195). Furthermore, he had his sister Jennie deal with the house. She is an ideal and eager maid. (Gilman 196). He talks of taking her to a specialist: John says in the event that I dont get quicker he will send me to Weir Mitchell in the fall. In any case, she accepting that as a risk since he was significantly more oppressive than her better half and sibling. In addition to the fact that he fails to get her assistance, however by keeping her basically a detainee in a stay with sickening backdrop and next to no to consume her brain, not to mention offer any sort of mental incitement, he nearly compels her to harp on her concern. Jail should be discouraging, and she is really near being a detainee. .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5 , .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5 .postImageUrl , .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5 , .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5:hover , .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5:visited , .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5:active { border:0!important; } .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5:active , .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5:hover { haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc386437a bd610981c0b441924039f6f5 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc386437abd610981c0b441924039f6f5:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: in the midst of a get-away this mid year I looked out the window an EssayPerhaps in the event that she had been permitted to travel every which way and do however she wanted despondency may have lifted: I think some of the time that on the off chance that I were just all around ok to compose a little it would mitigate the press of thoughts and rest me. (Gilman 195). It appears that simply having the option to tell somebody how she truly felt would have facilitated her downturn, yet John wont know about it. The absence of an outlet made the downturn decline: I should state what I feel and* * *Roberts 4think somehow or anoth er it is such a consolation! However, the exertion is getting the chance to be more prominent than the alleviation. (Gilman 198). Then her response is to look to refute him. John is a doctor, and maybe . . . maybe that is one explanation I don't recover quicker. You see he doesn't trust I am debilitated! Furthermore, what would one be able to do? (Gilman 193). I can't help suspecting that while putting on an appearance of accommodation she was habitually opposing her spouses orders. She composes when there is no one around to see her, she attempts to move her bed, however consistently keeps an eye open for somebody comming. This is evident all through the story. It likewise appears to me that, most likely as a result of his harsh conduct, she needs to drive her significant other away. John is away throughout the day, and even a few evenings when his cases are not kidding. I am happy my case isn't not kidding! (Gilman 195). As her breakdown approaches she really keeps him out of her room: I have bolted the entryway and tossed the key down into the front way. I dont need to go out, and I dont need to have anyone come in, till John comes. I need to amaze him. (Gilman 203). I see no purpose behind this other than to constrain him to see that he wasn't right, and, since she knew he couldnt endure panic, to drive him away. Works CitedGilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. 1892. The New England Magazine. Reproduced in Lives Moments An Introduction to Short Fiction by Hans Ostrom. Hold, Orlando, FL 1991. It important to permitted 24 hours store since it make work

Policy Making in the Digital Age Conference COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Policy Making in the Digital Age Conference COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following was composed by SIPA student Shivani Desai, a first year MPA student concentrating in Economic and Political Development. ______________________________ This Saturday, February 27, 2010, The Morningside Post will host a conference titled Policy Making in the Digital Age.   If you are not yet familiar with The Morningside Post (TMP), we are SIPAs student-run blog.   TMP aims to foster the debate you didn’t have in class and to feature the most passionate and inquisitive voices in the SIPA community and beyond. The conference will consider how the Internet and digital technology are changing policy making and international affairs. It comes at a time when the intersections between digital technology and international affairs are increasingly evident, from Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s recent speech on internet freedom and the China-Google censorship controversy, to the Data.gov initiative and the use of Twitter during the Haiti earthquake and the Iranian elections. Keynote presentations will be given by Richard Boly, director of the Office of eDiplomacy for the U.S. State Department, Jonathan Zittrain, co-founder of Harvard Universitys Berkman Center for Internet Society, and Brian Storm, president of MediaStorm. We will feature panels and speakers on a variety of topics, including information communication technology (ICT) and development (including a special forum on Haiti and a discussion of telemedicine strategies), new media and authoritarianism, open governance, and a roundtable discussion of how policy schools can get involved in the debate. Our high profile speakers come from the U.S. Department of State’s Office of eDiplomacy, New York City Council, FrontlineSMS, Ushahidi, and Columbia, Harvard and Stanford Universities. The policy makers and practitioners who succeed in this landscape will be those who can adapt thoughtfully and quickly to meet the challenges and opportunities presented by these digital tools. The conference is open to the public and free.   We invite prospective students to attend to get a taste of some of the great events that take place at SIPA everyday. To learn more about the conference and to register, please visit the conference website. The conference is sponsored by SIPAs International Media, Advocacy and Communications Specialization; the Economic and Political Development Concentration; SIPA News; Journal of International Affairs; Communiqué; SIPA Student Association (SIPASA); Humanitarian Affairs Working Group (HAWG); Latin American Student Association (LASA); and the Office of Career Services.

An Essay about Thermodynamics and Its After-Effects

Life is hard! Not only you have to juggle your studies with your social life, but also you have to pretend to like the hectic, sad routine which is unfortunately your life now. And the science professors don’t plan to have mercy on you when it comes to assigning homework for the day, as if you have nothing else to do in your free time than writing an essay about thermodynamics. Every time you have to do homework assignments or write a paper, you promise yourself that next time you’re really going to pay attention to the teachers when they are going on and on about the laws of heat and whatnot. But it doesn’t always go according to plan, does it? Juggling college life is complicated and the increasing workload not only burdens you and increases your mental stress, but also makes your patience snap like an overstretched rubber band â€Å"How to do my essay and many other academic tasks on time?† When you haven’t got the time to complete that thermodynamics essay and your mind is running on coffee fumes, it is time to get yourself under control. If you haven’t slept two nights in a row and have drunk a ton of coffee, you might be able to hear spooky sounds by now. And when you are under so much duress, your mind can really play tricks on you and make you do some really crazy things. However, you are not alone in that boat and most of the students are going through the same situation as you are. So when your life sucks and you just give up on it, like you can end up doing some really crazy stuff. 1. Mixing up your shower gel with toothpaste and contemplating on what your life has come to. 2. Putting on your underwear over the pants and trying not to give up on life already. 3. Eating your cat’s food instead of cornflakes. 4. And then trying to hide from your pet because you are too ashamed to make eye contact with it. 5. Taking the wrong bus and ending up in the suburbs and wondering where in the world you are. 6. Buying alcohol instead of coffee and pretending to get your act together. 7. Stay awake for so long that you start feeling a natural kinship with owls. 8. That terrifying moment when your professor calls your mom and then you decide it’s time to move to another country. 9. When you ask Siri to write your essay on thermodynamics for you. 10. When you are so tired that you type your paper in a Facebook post. 11. When you are so high on caffeine that you hand in your diary instead of an essay and then have to face the judging look your professor gives you. These are some of the crazy things that you might end up doing if you don’t get your thermodynamic essay done for you. Don’t let it bring you down and face it like a champion. Get your work and assignments done from someone else and walk in the class like a champion next time!

Investigatory Project in Physics - 3579 Words

Cooking Oil – Made Candle (Focusing on Thermal Physics and Energy) An Investigatory Project in Physics By: Introduction Today, candles are made not only for lighting purposes but for many other uses such as home dà ©cor, novelty collections, as fixtures for big occasions (weddings, baptismal , etc.), and as scented varieties for aromatherapy. Candles are made from different types of waxes and oils. Cooking oil is a major kitchen item in Filipino households. It is also used substantially in fast-food outlets, where it is used in different stages of food preparations. Ordinarily, used cooking oil is discarded. This waste oil pollutes and clogs canals and sewerage systems. The sound of cooking oil as the prime material for making candles may†¦show more content†¦Because of its low melting and re-solidifying points as observed by DSC (~20 °C melting onset,39.0 °C melting peak, and 22.0 °C re-solidification peak), soft soy wax melted extensively, causing the wick to be drowned during the burning of container-type candles. For taper- and narrower pillar type candles, the liquid wax dripping from the candle did not solidify fast enough to prevent the liquid wax from running on to the bench. These problems stimulated us to evaluate fully hydrogenated soybean oil (referred to as hard soy wax, ~0 IV) for candle application. These candles were hard and shiny with no surface greasiness a tall. Furthermore, the melting and re-solidification properties were improved.DSC analysis of hard soy wax indicated two melting peaks at 52.8 and 63.0 °C, and a solidification peak at 46.5 °C. Compared to a commercial paraffin candle (with minor and major melting peaks at 40.6 and 59.0 °C, respectively, and a re-solidification peak at 49.7 °C), the melting and re- solidification properties of hard soy wax were highly acceptable. However, the candles had an unacceptably brittle texture and they did not fully melt across the candle surface; therefore, they were not fully consumed during combustion (even with taper candles).To improveShow MoreRelatedPhysics Investigatory Project2441 Wo rds   |  10 PagesAcknowledgement We would like to thank Mr. Vincent Sabong, our Physics facilitator, for giving us an opportunity to work on an Investigatory Project that enabled us to enhance our skills in the different fields of Science and in preparation for our incoming endeavors. In line with this, we would also like to thank Mikaela Franchesca Pamatmat’s parents for allowing us to develop our Investigatory Project at their house. And above all, we are most grateful to God, the heavenly FatherRead MoreInvestigatory Project Repellent1716 Words   |  7 Pages * Investigatory Project â€Å" Kaymito Leaves Decoction As Antiseptic Mouthwash † INVESTIGATORY PROJECT KAYMITO LEAVES DECOCTION AS ANTISEPTIC MOUTHWASH Submitted by: Ronnel S. Pinote I- INTRODUCTION A. Background of the... Premium * How To Make Investigatory Project Make An Investigatory Project Sample Format: # Abstract After finishing the research and experimentation, you are required to write a (maximum) 250-word... Premium * On Investigatory Projects In Science investigatory projects in scienceRead MoreCassava as an Ideal Bioplastic1809 Words   |  8 PagesPlastics A Science Investigatory Project presented to Philippine Women’s College of Davao In partial fulfillment Of the requirements in Science and Technology IV (PHYSICS) To Mr. Kenny Lloyd L. Angon Physics Teacher By Gabriel Araà ±as Danielle Andrea M. 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Benitez Kristine Mae Y. Guanzon Angelica M. Repollo Marvin V. Torres Luke O. Mirasol School Year: 2012-2013 DEDICATION We dedicate this Investigatory Project to our community andourRead MoreThe Utilization of Kamias (Averrhoa Bilimbi), Lemon (Citrus Limonium), Lime (Cituse Auretifolea) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) Extract as an Alternative Component for Dry Cell4752 Words   |  20 PagesThe Utilization of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi), Lemon (Citrus limonium), Lime (Cituse auretifolea) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Extract as an Alternative Component for Dry Cell A Science Investigatory Project Submitted to Mrs. Luzviminda M. Bago As a Requirement in the Subject Reseasrch-I By: TOLEDO, JAYCEE N. GARCES, DOROTHY ANNE D. FALLEJO, JOBELLE ROSE A. 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Escabel for believingRead MoreBanana Peel Paper3069 Words   |  13 PagesBanana Peel Paper (BPP) An Investigatory Project Presented to the Division Science Fair (Team category) By: Precious Cabrido KorinaOliva Mitch Mercado Researchers Marie Jane Angeles Project Adviser ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The success and completion of this research project would not have been made possible if not for those people who, in many ways, gave their utmost support and earnest inspiration and from whom the researchers owe countless, immense and infinite gratitude. Mrs. Marie Jane

Before 1995, the island of Fiji had no reported cases of...

Before 1995, the island of Fiji had no reported cases of eating disorders. In three years of obtaining American and British television programming, more than two-thirds of the Fijian girls developed eating disorders and three quarters of the girls felt fat (Hall 1-2). Girls and guys are feeling more insecure about their bodies and are trying to cope with smothering feelings that come with being insecure. Some people aren’t well-educated on this topic, and because of that, they don’t see its seriousness. One example, bulimia, has been around for thirty years, and people are still not very familiar with the harm it can do physically and emotionally. Bulimia is when people choose to vomit their food up because they’re unsatisfied with their†¦show more content†¦People use food to cope with their feelings instead of using it to satisfy their hunger. People can become bulimic to gain a higher self-esteem. It is not a response to hunger; it is a response to de pression, stress, and low self-esteem. Bulimia has no concrete cause; researchers are beginning to think it is caused by dissatisfaction of the body (â€Å"Bulimia: Symptoms, Causes...† 1-4). Men are also susceptible to becoming bulimic. It is the drive for thinness, perfectionism, and the fear of giving up that triggers eating disorders in men. Men are under much pressure to look strong and maintain control. They are pressured to take care of the financial worries and be the foundation for a family. â€Å"Around 33% of men have an eating disorder† (Hall 1-4). Even though it’s women who are mostly affected by bulimia, it’s still a serious issue when it happens to a man. Even though stressful events are reasons for eating disorders, they aren’t the only reasons. Bulimia can also be hereditary or caused from a chemical imbalance. Dr. Walters Kaye at the University of Pittsburgh is a psychiatry professor who found data that bulimic woman have altered brain chemistry. In turn, this data proved that the altered brain chemistry puts a bulimic at higher risk for eating disorders, even after he/she recovered from bulimia (â€Å"Bulimia: Symptoms, Causes...†1-4). It can run in families becauseShow MoreRelatedMedia s Portrayal Of Women1155 Words   |  5 Pagesmodel through unsafe dieting and other eating disorders. The media has affected girls as young as six years old into changing their appearance to look similar to those idealized in television and magazines. The mass media’s portrayal of women today sets standards of beauty that are highly unattainable and unrealistic, leading to an increase of eating disorders and a negative view of self image. People are exposed to as many as two hundred and fifty to three thousand advertisements a day. Among theseRead MoreIdentifying and Solving Bulimia2573 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"In Fiji, before television came about in 1995, the island had no reported cases of eating disorders. Within three years of obtaining American and British television programming, more than two-thirds of the Fijian girls developed eating disorders and three quarters of the girls felt fat† (Hall 1-2). Now, eating disorders are becoming more and more common as the years go by. Bulimia has been around for thirty years and people are still not very familiar with the harm it can do physically and emotionallyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageschoose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of theRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesEnnis Edmondss Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergence of Rastafarianism and the history of resistance and black consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience for years. The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that have oppressed a society. But prior to the advent of popular culture and especially

Description Of A Nurse At Amber Glen Alzheimer s Special...

Parkland College English 102-025 Memorandum To: Students, Parkland College From: Blessing Atekha, English 102 Student, Parkland College CC: Patty Flym, Licensed Practical Nurse, Amber Glen Alzheimer s Special Care Center CC: Angela Gulick, Professor, Parkland College Date: April 8, 2015 Subject: Communication in Nursing Memorandum Introduction: Since I was about ten, I have always wanted to be in the health field. My mother is an R.N and my uncle is a Nephrologist (kidney surgeon). I love the healthcare field and the thought of helping people. Currently I am a C.N.A and my major is nursing. When deciding the person to interview I knew exactly who I wanted. Patty Flym is the Nurse at Amber Glen Nursing home, which happens to†¦show more content†¦This memorandum will discuss different communication skills in nursing such as written, visual, verbal, non-verbal and listening communication skills. Audiences for Nurses: Patty Flym, is a Licensed Practical Nurse of Amber Glen Alzheimer s Special Care Center. As a charge Nurse Flym has had great deal of experience with communication in a healthcare setting. According to Flym there are multiple audiences in the Healthcare setting, such as residents, family of residents and the healthcare team. Flym stated that one of her audiences is the D.O.N (Director of Nursing), the D.O.N is in charge of the activity that goes on the floor. She/he supervises all the patients at the facility; following the D.O.N is the administrator whom is in charge of the policies and the orientation of the new employees. Lucky, I have the opportunity to work as a Certified Nursing Assistant at Amber Glen Nursing home. As a C.N.A I have to communicate with both my health care team and the family members of our residents. It is essential to communicate with the residents family members because their statements are crucial their care plan. Written Communication Skills for Nurses: Written communication plays a vital role in healthcare settings because it provides the facility with a permanent record of the residents and their care plans. Flym stated as a nurse written

Essay on Amer. Lit - 2033 Words

Possible Essay Questions: 1. Consider the imagery used in Shakespeare’s assigned sonnets, Herrick’s â€Å"To the Virgins,† and Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress.† Although their images differ, what do all these poets seem to be saying about time? Be specific when referring to the poems. The imagery is very different, but all of the poems and poets seem to be saying time is important in life. In Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 he says, â€Å"And every fair from fair sometime declines,† when explaining the inevitable decline in appearance of his friend (Line 7). In Shakespeare’s Sonnet 29 he says, â€Å"I all alone beweep my outcast state,† suggesting that he regrets the decisions he has made in his life and might have made different decisions if he was given†¦show more content†¦Although she deliberately states that she will not judge his actions one way or the other, this is the only play she vocally states that judgment is needed, thus her implication of his disagreeable actions. The irony with this belief is that she is clearly anti-slavery, but alludes to women following their husbands rather than having a say in important decisions. For instance, when Tuscan informs Oroonoko that his wife and children may not be fit to escape through the mountains and woods Oroonoko says, â€Å"if there were a woman among them so degenerate from love and virtue to choose slavery before the pursuit of her husband, and with the hazard of her life to share with him in his fortunes, that such a one out to be abandoned† (2217). This is interesting because Behn has had personal experience with being oppressed as a result of her gender, yet in this story she condemns slavery while the hero degrades women. 4. Swift asks those who find fault with his proposal to ask the parents of the poor children of Ireland a question. What is that question, and how does he think they will answer? Why? Jonathan Swift outlines two main points for those who find fault with his proposal to consider. First he says, â€Å"how they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs,† suggesting the critics probably won’t solve the issue (Swift 2467). Second, he says, â€Å"whose sole subsistence put into a commonShow MoreRelated Kurt Vonnegut Essay2033 Words   |  9 Pagesfor anything by anybody, Vonnegut is suggesting that a good meaning for life might simply be to be useful (Vonnegut, Sirens, 310). The theme and plot of meaninglessness and uselessness mirror Vonneguts experiences in the aftermath of Dresden (Amer. Lit. Bio., 301, 303-304). God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater also exhibits elements of Vonneguts take on technology and existentialism in plot and theme. The protagonist, millionaire Eliot Rosewater, gives up the life of riches and comfort to live inRead MoreSecrecy Of A Free And Open Society2031 Words   |  9 Pagesintelligence and saves all some time. That goes for you as well General. Noted, your honor. Lazo stepped forward to the witness box in disgust. Please, state your full name and rank for the court record. He bit his cigarette with his teeth as he lit it, showing off his gaunt gums. Major General Maximilien Geron Richelieu. He was slim in figure, more bones than meat hermetically sealed in a uniform. His aura was one of a man that had knocked on death’s door many a time, delivering. General RichelieuRead MoreRealism Versus Romanticism in Huck Finn4082 Words   |  17 PagesCharlie Hoffmann Mr. Kearney Amer. Lit. amp; Comp./3 17 December 2009 Huck Rejects Romanticism In every man’s life he faces a time that defines his maturation from boyhood to manhood. This usually comes from a struggle that the boy faces in his life. In Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck’s defining moment of maturity is Huck’s struggle with Tom in helping Jim escape. Tom sends Huck and Jim through a wild adventure to free Jim because of his Romantic thinking. Tom represents societyRead MorePlace8569 Words   |  35 Pagesthe whole route (p. 8), that the adult Kazin sets out to rediscover his child self in the streets of Brownsville. One may detect, however, an ironic tension between these two quests. The child s search is the immigrant scion s search for an Amer- ican identity. It is, in part, the psychological extension of the parents literal search for America, and, in part, the result of his parents ambivalence about their own place in the New World. The most sig- nificant frustration of the youngRead MoreFrench Terms for Ib Sl French B8316 Words   |  34 Pagesvieillard voisin adresse à ¢ge / à ¢gà © an / annà ©e anniversaire appel appeler / sappeler barbe bouclà © chauve cheveux à ©peler frisà © naissance / naà ®tre / nà © nom / nom de famille nombre / nombreux poids prà ©nom taille affreux agrà ©able aimable aimer ambiance amer amical / amicalement amitià © amour / amoureux de amusant / amuser GCSE French General Vocabulary List  © OCR 2009 daughter / girl son brother boy / waiter people grandmother / grandfather / grandparent man young / youth twin / twinned Mrs Miss mummyRead MoreGame Theory and Economic Analyst83847 Words   |  336 Pages† Mathematics of Operations Research, 7, 1, 32–9. Binmore, K. G. (1987), â€Å"Nash Bargaining Theory,† pp. 61–76 in The Economics of Bargaining, K. G. Binmore and P. Dasgupta, eds, Oxford: Blackwell. Bondareva, O. N. (1962), â€Å"Teorlia iadra v igre n lits, Vestnki Leningrad University,† Mathematics, Mechanics, Astronomy, 13, 141–2. Buchanan, J. and Tullock, G. (1962), The Calculus of Consent, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Champsaur, P. (1975), â€Å"How to Share the Cost of a Public Good?†

Spain Rise and Fall Free Essays

Before the 16th century, Spain was not recognized as a legitimate powerhouse in Europe. They were known as a very strong Catholic orientated country located in the Iberian Peninsula north of Morocco. However, in the matter of a span of little over a hundred years, Spain obtained a great amount of wealth and power through conquests and inheritance from the king. We will write a custom essay sample on Spain Rise and Fall or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just as they were the greatest empire in the world, it fell apart and soon declined into the status of a third-rate power in Europe. King Charles V of Spain inherited many lands of Europe because of his family background. In 1506, he had obtained the Burgundain Lands, which included the Low Countries and Flanders. He was also the grandson of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, the great two Spanish monarchs from the late 15th century. In 1516, he became the first monarch to rule a united Spain. He was not done yet. In 1519 he was granted the Habsburg domains in Austria. Not only that, but in 1530 he was named Holy Roman Emperor. This meant that Charles V has control over the three leading dynasties of Europe at the time- the House of Habsburg of the Habsburg Monarchy, the House of Valois-Burgundy house of the Burgundian Netherlands, and the House of Trastamara of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon. This meant in Europe Charles V had control completly over the Central, Western, and Southern lands. No other monarch in Europe had as much land as Charles V had in the European continent. Not only did he have that land, but also from the Spanish conquests in the Americas and Asia, Charles V had the first global empire in the world. His empire became very rich and powerful from those conquests and imported goods they received from those places. The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of plants and animals from the Old World and the New World in which Spain and other empires successfully benefited from. From 1493, Columbus introduced horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, pigs, chicken, and goats. The rate at which these animals grew were spectacular, thus leading to more food for the Spanish population which gave them a population increase and more money flowing in because of the extra meats. Not only that, but Spain brought back maize from Mexico, white potatoes from Peru, and various beans, squash, pumpkins, avocados, and tomatoes. Maize was a great gift for the Spanish because it was used as food for all peoples and livestock of the world. Since it gave a high yield per unit of land and a short growing season, it proved to be an especially important cash crop for them. The discovery of silver in the Americas was what really established Spain as the economic powerhouse of the world. In 1545, the Spanish discovered an enormous amount of silver in the city of Potosi. When it was discovered, no one lived in Potosi. By 1600 however, 160,000 people lived there. This made it about the size of the city of London at the time. Potosi yielded about 60 percent of all the world’s silver mined in the world and made Spain very powerful and oh so rich once again. Another way the Spanish became successfully rich was from the slave trade. Their slave system was called the encomienda system, which was a legal form of slavery there. The Crown gave permission the conquerors the right to employ groups of Amerindians as agricultural or mining laborers. However as soon as the rapid decline of Amerindian population followed, the Spanish turned to the black slaves of Africa. This started what soon called the Triangular Trade route. The ships were crammed and packed with hundreds of captives in the boats in order for them to increase profits because the more slaves you had alive in your ship, the more money you received. However, the dominance of Spain proved to be temporary and short lived. Through the result of all the increase of the amount of food and land, it was no surprise that the population experienced a steady increase. This also created a sharp rise in the demand of foods and goods throughout the empire. Since Spain had removed their best farmers and businessmen- the Muslims and the Jews- in the fifteenth century, the economy was suffering greatly and could not meet the new demands, so prices rose. As well as that, the cost of manufacturing cloth and other goods increased, and Spanish products were not able to compete with cheaper products made elsewhere in the international market. King Charles V was no longer king of Spain by 1556 because he was tired from he long decades of ruling the vast empire. Through his reign he spent time warring with the French and the Ottoman Empire throughout his reign. He also spent his time devoting his time to stamp out the Protestant Reformation. Thus, the throne was passed down to his son Phillip II. The main event and problem that crucially hit the Spanish Empire was the â€Å"British problem. † On 1586 Mary, Queen of Scots who was the cousin and heir of E lizabeth, became involved in a plot to assassinate her. This was for the hope for England to reunite with Catholic Europe. Phillip fully supported the plot. Not long after, Mary was discovered and was beheaded on February 18, 1587. Phillip soon heard of the news and went after to conquer England. Conquering England promised the additional benefit of cutting off financial support to Dutch rebels since Spain was in a bitter war with the Dutch at the time. Phillip’s strategy was to prepare a vast fleet to sail from Lisbon to Flanders. They would fight off Elizabeth’s navy if needed, rendezvous with the duke of Parma, and escort barges carrying Parma’s troops across the English Channel. On May 9, 1588 Phillip’s fleet of 130 set sail from the Lisbon harbor. The fleet was part of the great Spanish Armada. The Armada met an English fleet in the Channel. The English ships were smaller but faster, allowing more maneuverability in the water. Many of the ships had greater firing power than the Armada ships. The combination of storms, spoiled food and rank water, lacking ammunition, and the scattering of the Spanish ships from the English fire ships gave England victory. The Armada was defeated even before they reached the Netherlands. On the way back, many other ships went down near Ireland and about 65 of the ships were able to make it back home. The defeat of the Armada prevented Phillip II from re-imposing religious unity on Western Europe by force. He unfortunately did not conquer England, and Elizabeth continued with her financial and military support of the Dutch. In 1609, Phillip III of Spain (r. 1598-1621) agreed to a truce. This truce recognized the independence of the United Provinces. In the seventeenth-century, memory of the loss of the Spanish Armada contributed to a spirit of defeatism. It was all set and done in little over a century. Spain had completed its epic collapse from being the global empire of the world, to now being a third-rate power in the seventeenth-century. Spain obtained a great amount of wealth and power through conquests and inheritance from the king in the sixteenth-century. Just as they were the greatest empire in the world, it all fell apart and soon declined into the status of a third-rate power in Europe. In all, we can see how things can quickly change from being outstanding to disastrous. How to cite Spain Rise and Fall, Essay examples

Spain Rise and Fall Free Essays

Before the 16th century, Spain was not recognized as a legitimate powerhouse in Europe. They were known as a very strong Catholic orientated country located in the Iberian Peninsula north of Morocco. However, in the matter of a span of little over a hundred years, Spain obtained a great amount of wealth and power through conquests and inheritance from the king. We will write a custom essay sample on Spain Rise and Fall or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just as they were the greatest empire in the world, it fell apart and soon declined into the status of a third-rate power in Europe. King Charles V of Spain inherited many lands of Europe because of his family background. In 1506, he had obtained the Burgundain Lands, which included the Low Countries and Flanders. He was also the grandson of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, the great two Spanish monarchs from the late 15th century. In 1516, he became the first monarch to rule a united Spain. He was not done yet. In 1519 he was granted the Habsburg domains in Austria. Not only that, but in 1530 he was named Holy Roman Emperor. This meant that Charles V has control over the three leading dynasties of Europe at the time- the House of Habsburg of the Habsburg Monarchy, the House of Valois-Burgundy house of the Burgundian Netherlands, and the House of Trastamara of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon. This meant in Europe Charles V had control completly over the Central, Western, and Southern lands. No other monarch in Europe had as much land as Charles V had in the European continent. Not only did he have that land, but also from the Spanish conquests in the Americas and Asia, Charles V had the first global empire in the world. His empire became very rich and powerful from those conquests and imported goods they received from those places. The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of plants and animals from the Old World and the New World in which Spain and other empires successfully benefited from. From 1493, Columbus introduced horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, pigs, chicken, and goats. The rate at which these animals grew were spectacular, thus leading to more food for the Spanish population which gave them a population increase and more money flowing in because of the extra meats. Not only that, but Spain brought back maize from Mexico, white potatoes from Peru, and various beans, squash, pumpkins, avocados, and tomatoes. Maize was a great gift for the Spanish because it was used as food for all peoples and livestock of the world. Since it gave a high yield per unit of land and a short growing season, it proved to be an especially important cash crop for them. The discovery of silver in the Americas was what really established Spain as the economic powerhouse of the world. In 1545, the Spanish discovered an enormous amount of silver in the city of Potosi. When it was discovered, no one lived in Potosi. By 1600 however, 160,000 people lived there. This made it about the size of the city of London at the time. Potosi yielded about 60 percent of all the world’s silver mined in the world and made Spain very powerful and oh so rich once again. Another way the Spanish became successfully rich was from the slave trade. Their slave system was called the encomienda system, which was a legal form of slavery there. The Crown gave permission the conquerors the right to employ groups of Amerindians as agricultural or mining laborers. However as soon as the rapid decline of Amerindian population followed, the Spanish turned to the black slaves of Africa. This started what soon called the Triangular Trade route. The ships were crammed and packed with hundreds of captives in the boats in order for them to increase profits because the more slaves you had alive in your ship, the more money you received. However, the dominance of Spain proved to be temporary and short lived. Through the result of all the increase of the amount of food and land, it was no surprise that the population experienced a steady increase. This also created a sharp rise in the demand of foods and goods throughout the empire. Since Spain had removed their best farmers and businessmen- the Muslims and the Jews- in the fifteenth century, the economy was suffering greatly and could not meet the new demands, so prices rose. As well as that, the cost of manufacturing cloth and other goods increased, and Spanish products were not able to compete with cheaper products made elsewhere in the international market. King Charles V was no longer king of Spain by 1556 because he was tired from he long decades of ruling the vast empire. Through his reign he spent time warring with the French and the Ottoman Empire throughout his reign. He also spent his time devoting his time to stamp out the Protestant Reformation. Thus, the throne was passed down to his son Phillip II. The main event and problem that crucially hit the Spanish Empire was the â€Å"British problem. † On 1586 Mary, Queen of Scots who was the cousin and heir of E lizabeth, became involved in a plot to assassinate her. This was for the hope for England to reunite with Catholic Europe. Phillip fully supported the plot. Not long after, Mary was discovered and was beheaded on February 18, 1587. Phillip soon heard of the news and went after to conquer England. Conquering England promised the additional benefit of cutting off financial support to Dutch rebels since Spain was in a bitter war with the Dutch at the time. Phillip’s strategy was to prepare a vast fleet to sail from Lisbon to Flanders. They would fight off Elizabeth’s navy if needed, rendezvous with the duke of Parma, and escort barges carrying Parma’s troops across the English Channel. On May 9, 1588 Phillip’s fleet of 130 set sail from the Lisbon harbor. The fleet was part of the great Spanish Armada. The Armada met an English fleet in the Channel. The English ships were smaller but faster, allowing more maneuverability in the water. Many of the ships had greater firing power than the Armada ships. The combination of storms, spoiled food and rank water, lacking ammunition, and the scattering of the Spanish ships from the English fire ships gave England victory. The Armada was defeated even before they reached the Netherlands. On the way back, many other ships went down near Ireland and about 65 of the ships were able to make it back home. The defeat of the Armada prevented Phillip II from re-imposing religious unity on Western Europe by force. He unfortunately did not conquer England, and Elizabeth continued with her financial and military support of the Dutch. In 1609, Phillip III of Spain (r. 1598-1621) agreed to a truce. This truce recognized the independence of the United Provinces. In the seventeenth-century, memory of the loss of the Spanish Armada contributed to a spirit of defeatism. It was all set and done in little over a century. Spain had completed its epic collapse from being the global empire of the world, to now being a third-rate power in the seventeenth-century. Spain obtained a great amount of wealth and power through conquests and inheritance from the king in the sixteenth-century. Just as they were the greatest empire in the world, it all fell apart and soon declined into the status of a third-rate power in Europe. In all, we can see how things can quickly change from being outstanding to disastrous. How to cite Spain Rise and Fall, Essay examples

Principle of Primary Health Care for Wellness- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePrinciple of Primary Health Carefor Wellness. Answer: Primary health refers to the wellbeing of an individual that is achieved by the healing of diseases and promotion of wellness in general. The primary goal of the primary health is to ensure that everyone in a particular community is able to access healthcare. It focuses on health care beyond the traditional practices and advocates for healthcare that can be equally accessed by all individuals irrespective of their gender, races, or social class. Wellness occurs when the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of an individual are met as they have an impact on health and wellbeing of that individual. Primary health care and the health measures undertaken are important and promote the wellness of individuals in society. Therefore, nurses have played the vital role of ensuring the society achieves the benefits from quality and safe health care (Australian Nursing Federation, 2013). The main principles of primary health care are accessibility, equity, promotion of health, intersectional collaboration, use of appropriate technology and community participation. In the current century public health, care involves the provision of essential drugs, treatment of common diseases injuries, control of locally endemic diseases, immunization of major infectious diseases, maternal child health care, promotion of food supply /nutrition, education on prevailing health problems and ways of controlling them. Generally, the health services should be part of a communitys health system and must be effective besides being preventive, and curative (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2017). Nurses are healthcare professionals and generally care for the wellbeing of patients. Their educational requirements should be according to the statutory regulations of a given country. Therefore, nursing is a healthcare profession that focuses care on communities, individuals, and families in order for them to attain optimal health and have a quality life. Nurses are identifiable within their scope of practice, patient care approach, and training. They work under orders from physicians and their public image as been shaped by their traditional role of being care providers. In many cases, nurses practice under different levels of authority. Nurses also have the ability to practice independently under most jurisdictions, depending on their training levels. Most traditional roles of nurses are changing due to diversification leading to advanced credentials and specialization. Therefore, nurses have the duty of ensuring the patients or clients under the care benefit from their services (Australian Primary Health Care Nurses Association, 2017). Nurses normally do many duties under healthcare such as to provide health services independently as professionals. They can also coordinate patient care that is offered by other medical experts in various fields that have teamed up such as therapists, dietitians and medical practitioners (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2014).Advanced nurses can diagnose health complications in patients and prescribe medication for them depending on their individual regulations. Nurses also in providing healthcare come up with a plan that encompasses the patients family, the patient, therapist, physicians, and other members to ensure that quality services are being provided and the patients quality of life is being improved. In the promotion of healthcare, nurses should maintain a high level of professionalism. They should maintain ethical code as one way of professional practice role. Ethical codes are guidelines that shape the behavior of a person according to be beliefs and values that are morally accepted in the society. Ethical codes provide direction to the healthcare professionals. These codes of ethics are normally not negotiable in the nursing field. Nurses must apply ethical guidelines in all fields and not just in clinical roles only. Nurses owe others the same obligation they owe themselves and they should also maintain integrity, participate in national development, and express nursing values. These code of ethics is normal customer focused and emphasizes that the nurse must maintain loyalty to the patient regardless on the negative forces that may come from the other family members and should as much as possible avoid interests that may be conflicting or may result in negative effects on the patients health. The patients should be regarded as patients rather than clients hence nurses should uphold each of the patients dignity as much as they uphold th eirs and treat them with respect equally. Dignity should be highly valued in whatever circumstances the patient is in (Commonwealth of Australia, 2014). Showing respect to the patient, peers, the family is a very important aspect of nursing and promotion of principles of healthcare. It is key to the building up of good relationships with others in the nursing environment and is key in decision-making and help build good boundaries in the daily activities of a nurse. Giving of respect helps to improve each others esteem, essence, uniqueness, and honor of ones wholeness. It also helps the nurse to uphold a sense of integrity and self-knowledge. Respect is important to the success of clinical practice and nurses can embrace this by communicating with the patients effectively, engaging them in decision making and respecting their decisions without judging them. Showing respect also promotes the primary healthcare principle of equity, as the nurse is able to provide health services to the patient without discrimination relating to the circumstances they might be economically or socially (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2017). Maintaining of confidentiality is also another form of a code of ethics. The nurse is by legal standards to keep the information of the patient given by either them or family. Its a way of building trust between the patients, their families, their peers and also fellow nurses in the working environment. Sometimes nurses can be tempted to violate the confidence the patients entrusted them with by disclosing their information to fellow nurses or in cases where there is a limit of confidentiality (Australian Government, 2016). Potentials violations of the confidentiality that are not restricted include when the nurse tells the patient information that his/her family told him/her but felt that the patient had to know and in cases whereby the information has to be shared in the nursing report. Confidentiality helps to promote the provision of health since the patients can feel free to tell the nurses their medical problems without fear of intimidation hence getting medical assistance (Aus tralian Law Reform Commission, 2017). Nurses should also have high moral courage whereby the nurse will have the ability to overcome fear by making a direct confrontation on issues concerning their beliefs and core values.They should also have the courage to do the right things and stick to their rightful duties even though the forces surrounding them compel them not to do so. A nurse having the ability to speak out about a misconduct of a peer or someone else may be helpful in situations that may have led to arrest and this helps to rectify mistakes and avoidance of major consequences. Nurses should also access the consequences of doing confrontations and risks of standing alone (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2013). Techniques that lead to relaxation, analytical information processing, avoidance of negative thoughts, and maintenance of calmness during confrontations are also ways of moral courage in a nurse. Nurses should also be cultural sensitive in their interaction with diverse culture and communities. Primary health care involves the provision of health services to local people or communities worldwide. This means that the nurses will have to deal with cultural diversity and they should be able to respect cultural group and have a positive attitude towards their health traditions. The nurses should, therefore, have an understanding and know the cultural knowledge to provide ethical care effectively without misunderstandings and this will contribute to the building of trust and respectful exchanges in such situations. Nurses should also give culture sensitive care in terms of ethical aspects of trust, respect, and responsible relationships (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2017). Communication variations are essentials to nurses that deal with diverse cultures because both the verbal and non-verbal clues may inhibit communication and bring about misunderstandings. Care that is cultu re-sensitive includes offering health services to individuals irrespective of their economic or social standards, nature of their health complications, gender, and race or personal attributes (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013). In conclusion, nurses should have attributes of good citizenship and they showing characteristics of being compassionate should express this. A compassionate nurse upholds and advocates for social justice in healthcare provision worldwide. Nurses should join hands and campaign actively on the provision of better healthcare worldwide. Nurses should also collaborate globally and collaborate on research on various diseases in order to prevent the death rates due to lack of cures and also help to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor. Schools of nursing should also add the aspect of social justice and commitment to global health in their curriculum. There also should be a community of nurses globally that lead in scholarships, knowledge on nursing and devoted towards improving health services for the common good of all people. References Aged Care Crisis. (2015). Accreditation FAQs. Retrieved March 20, 2017 from https://www.agedcarecrisis.com/accreditation/accreditation-faqs Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2012). Health care delivery and financing (Catalogue No. 1301.0).RetrievedMarch20,2017from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Health%20care%20delivery%20and%20financing~235 Australian Human Rights Commission. (2007, April). Social determinants and the health of Indigenous peoples in Australia a human rights based approach. Paper presented at the International Symposium on the Social Determinants of Indigenous health. Retrieved fromhttps://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/socialdeterminants-and-health indigenous-peoples-australia-human-rights-based Australian Government. (2016). A healthy and active Australia. Retrieved March 20, 2017 from https://www.healthyactive.gov.au/ Australian Government (Department of Health). (2013). The social determinants of health. RetrievedMarch20,2017fromhttps://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/oatsihhealthplan-toc~determinants Australian Law Reform Commission. (n.d.). Overview of the Australian healthcare system. Retrieved March 20, 2017 from https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/19-genepatents-and-healthcare-system/overview-australian-healthcare-system Australian Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2016). Standards for practice: Enrolled Nurses.RetrievedMarch20,2017from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/CodesGuidelinesStatements/Professional-standards.aspx Australian Nursing Federation (2009). Primary health care in Australia: A nursing and midwifery consensus view. Retrieved March 20, 2017 from https://anmf.org.au/documents/reports/PHC_Australia.pdf Australian Primary Health Care Nurses Association. (2017). What is primary health care nursing? Retrieved March 20, 2017 from https://www.apna.asn.au/profession/whatis-primary-health-care-nursing Commonwealth of Australia. (2017). About the PBS. Retrieved March 20, 2017 from https://www.pbs.gov.au/info/about-the-pbs Commonwealth of Australia. (2011). Falls can be prevented: A guide to preventing falls for older people. Canberra, ACT: Author. Retrieved March 20, 2017 from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/E23F5F7BF8F07264CA257BF00020435/$File/Don't%20fall%20for%20it.pdf Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2010). Nursing practice decisions summary guide. Retrieved March20, 2017 from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Search.aspx?q=Nursing%20practice%20decisions

I. Introduction Information technology in SJU Essay Example For Students

I. Introduction Information technology in SJU Essay KM Founded in 1870 by the Vincentian Community, St. Johns is one of Americas leading Catholic universities. At St. Johns, you will find world-class programs, a vibrant campus, and access to the superb resources of New York City. St. Johns offers the technology and resources you expect from a great university. The university meet 21st-century demands by giving students access to a wide variety of academic facilities, including: More than 100 high-tech classrooms; St. Johns University is committed to preparing its students with the technological skills necessary to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century marketplace. Students have access to four newly upgraded microcomputer laboratories, more than 100 multimedia classrooms, microcomputer classrooms, library patron computers, and a newly added cyber lounge for resident students. Deployment of desktop computers to these facilities now total more that 825 Intel Pentium III based workstations and more than 125 high-end Macintosh computers. The Universitys state-of-the-art network enables each microcomputer to access a wide range of software, electronic mail, and the Internet through World Wide Web. A variety of educational, business, statistical and other electronic information resources are accessible through the Universitys high speed 310 Mbps ATM backbone, with 100 Mbps switched Ethernet to each desktop computer. Internet connectivity is provided through a fractional T3 3 MB link to NYSERNET. Remote 56.K dial-in access for Internet connectivity is available as well. In addition, Distance Learning, using interactive video conferencing technology as well as Web based course support tools (e.g. Web CT and Virtual University), is available for use at all three campuses. Two of the Microcomputer laboratories are newly upgraded and located at the Queens campus, one in Staten Island, and the fourth in Rome, Italy. All three campuses are linked via high-speed communications lines. Most classrooms include computer and projection equipment to enhance the teaching/learning process. Whenever space and budget permit, the University will continue to expand facilities in areas to meet the growing demand for computing resources. For every piece of equipment added, two new users are created. Information Technology is a key member of the campus community charged with creating a productive environment for use of electronic communications and technologies in teaching and learning. IT is expected to establish an organizational climate and a working environment within the University that encourages creativity, adaptability and cost effectiveness in meeting St. Johns Universitys manifold needs in the areas of telecommunications and technology. Development and operation of the University telecommunications infrastructure is a major component of these services. During the KM research, the following important facts were found: The Universitys micro-labs served over 6,500 students in 61,000 sessions during Spring 1995. Comparatively, the labs served over 10,500 students in over 95,000 sessions during Spring 2000 semester. During the semester, the labs operate from 7 AM through 11 PM Monday through Thursday and 7 AM through 6 PM on Friday. One cyber lounge is open 24 hours everyday of the year. As a result of major hardware/software upgrades completed recently, we now have many Pentium III 1 GHz platforms with 128 megabytes of RAM matched by multimedia monitors, Windows 2000 operating system (OS) (the most powerful MS Windows based OS), the MS Office 2000 Premium suite as well as over 100 other Windows 95/NT based applications. All the computers are connected to the campus network, UNIX servers, and Windows NT file servers. Macintosh computing resources consist of primarily Power G4 series PowerPCs, with internal zip drives, 128 Megabytes of RAM, and running MAC X OS. Printing facilities consist of shared high-speed B and color laser printers. Although back in 1995, there were no desktop computers deployed to faculty, presently 784 faculty members have networked office desktop computers at the Queens and Staten Island campuses. An additional 500 computers are available to personnel in faculty support roles. Computers deployed since 1995 are primarily Pentium II class computers. They are presently scheduled to be replaced on a three-year cycle. Based on the types of calls the Desktop Services Unit receives from faculty and faculty survey results, they are using their computers in the following ways: 97% of faculty wrote letters and memos Course work (syllabi, course descriptions, course handouts, inboxes and outboxes for students to submit .

Mason Schultz Essays - Entertainment, English-language Films

Mason Schultz Dr. Muak ENG 223 31 October 2017 Inglourious Rhetoric Inglourious Basterds is arguably one of the brashest and most daring American war films in history. As a film, Inglourious Basterds is divided into five chapters, each rich in the use of rhetorical devices. Chapter two, however, is the focus of this analysis. Chapter two, entitled "Inglourious Basterds", is where we are first introduced to Lieutenant Aldo Raine. Raine is a proud Tennessean, a former moonshiner, and commanding officer of the Jewish-American military unit known as the "Basterds." Lieutenant Raine delivers an emotion-wrenching speech in order to motivate his special team, a collection of Jewish-American soldiers with a particular vengeance against the Nazis. Set between 1941 and 1944, the film Inglourious Basterds rewrites the history of WWII to incorporate Jewish revenge against the Nazis. The Basterds, comprised mainly of Jews, are placed in a reverse role of history in order to embody a vengeance not traditionally shown. They have been given the opportunity to ter rorize the Nazi Army with brutal murder and post-mortem rituals such as scalping. The audience for Lieutenant Raine's speech is easily comprehendible. At the time of Lieutenant Raine's speech, the Nazi were rounding up all people of Jewish decent and forcing them into concentration camps, or simply executing them. When Lieutenant Raine assembles the team of Jewish American soldiers, he was giving them a chance at retribution and a chance to fight back. The fact that his audience is made up of soldiers with Jewish Heritage makes the receptivity of his speech even more effective. Kairos is the use of particular moments to evoke the necessity for action. Lieutenant Raine's speech capture's in words what is most immediately appropriate for his particular audience to hear. By using the events of World War II, such as the Holocaust, Lieutenant Raine is able to make his speech seem timely and necessary. Within his speech, he also speaks about the exigency (urgency) of this mission, Raine says, "Now, y'all might've heard rumors about the armada happening soon. Well, we 'll be leaving a little earlier. We're gonna be dropped into France, dressed as civilians. And once we're in enemy territory, as a bushwhackin' guerrilla army, we're gonna be doin' one thing and one thing only... killin' Nazis." By saying this, Lieutenant Raine creates a sense of urgency within his soldiers. Stating that they will be deployed immediately adds a level of confidence to his speech as well as describes to his soldiers the importance of this mission. Lt Raine gives his soldiers (The Basterds) a speech, which at first glance, appears to be a conventional "let's do this" speech. However, after analysis, intriguing parallels to the scene prior surface. He tells his men that they will be hunting and killing Nazis. This is fueled by the scenes first presupposition, Nazis are bad. Raine takes this presupposition a little further: he justifies that it is okay to kill Nazis because "A Nazi ain't got no humanity." When he says they're going to kill "anyone wearing a Nazi uniform," Raine successfully reduces the Nazis to a symbol, just as Landa reduced the Jews to symbols in the previous scene. The difference between Raine and Landa is you know where you stand with Raine. He may come across as a bloodthirsty savage, but his is steadfast in his stance against the Nazis. The second presupposition active is Raine's speech is the shared belief that they are terrorists. In his speech, Raine compares the Basterds to "Bushwhackers." Today, a " bushwhacker" could be any kind of surprise attacker. However, to Raine, coming from rural Tennessee in 1944, the term would have had a very specific meaning. Bushwhackers, in the Civil War, were small bands of civilians who would skulk through the night, kill people, and steal property. All of this was done outside of any military jurisdiction for the purpose of dismantling the enemy. They, in practice, became terrorists. Raine plans to kill Nazi soldiers, behind enemy lines, in the most ferocious way possible, so as to frighten and terrorize them. "Sound good?" he swaggers to his men, who all respond in the affirmative. This enthymematic reasoning, present in Lt Raine's speech, is used to support his position and

20 Quotes About How to Give and Get Respect

20 Quotes About How to Give and Get Respect How often have you heard employees complaining about the lack of respect in the workplace? According to  an  HBR  survey  conducted by Christine Porath, associate professor at Georgetown University’s McDonough School of Business,  and  Tony Schwartz, founder of  The Energy Project, business leaders need to demonstrate respect to their employees if they want better commitment and engagement in the workplace. The survey results, as quoted in  HBR in the November 2014  states: Those that get respect from their leaders reported 56% better health and well-being, 1.72 times more trust and safety, 89% greater enjoyment and satisfaction with their jobs, 92% greater focus and prioritization, and 1.26 times more meaning and significance. Those that feel respected by their leaders were also 1.1 times more likely to stay with their organizations than those that didn’t. Building Employee Value Every employee needs to feel valued. That is at the core of every human interaction. It does not matter what rank, or office the person holds. It does not matter how important is the employees role in the organization. Each individual needs to feel respected and valued. Managers who recognize and empathize with this basic human need will become great business leaders. Tom Peters The simple act of paying positive attention to people has a great deal to do with productivity. Frank Barron Never take a persons dignity: it is worth everything to them, and nothing to you. Stephen R. Covey Always treat your employees exactly as you want them to treat your best customers. Cary Grant Probably no greater honor can come to any man than the respect of his colleagues. Rana Junaid Mustafa Gohar It is not grey hair that makes one respectable but character. Ayn Rand If one doesnt respect oneself one can have neither love nor respect for others. R. G. Risch Respect is a two-way street, if you want to get it, youve got to give it. Albert Einstein I speak to everyone in the same way, whether he is the garbage man or the president of the university. Alfred Nobel It is not sufficient to be worthy of respect in order to be respected.   Julia Cameron In limits, there is freedom. Creativity thrives within structure. Creating safe havens where our children are allowed to dream, play, make a mess and, yes, clean it up, we teach them respect for themselves and others. Criss Jami When I look at a person, I see a person - not a rank, not a class, not a title. Mark Clement Leaders who win the respect of others are the ones who deliver more than they promise, not the ones who promise more than they can deliver. Muhammad Tariq Majeed Respect at the cost of others is disrespect in effect. Ralph Waldo Emerson Men are respectable only as they respect. Cesar Chavez Preservation of ones own culture does not require contempt or disrespect for other cultures. Shannon L. Alder A true gentleman is one that apologizes anyways, even though he has not offended a lady intentionally. He is in a class all of his own because he knows the value of a womans heart. Carlos Wallace From the moment I could even understand what respect was I knew it was not a choice but the only option. Robert Schuller As we grow as unique persons, we learn to respect the uniqueness of others. John Hume Difference is of the essence of humanity. Difference is an accident of birth and it should therefore never be the source of hatred or conflict. The answer to difference is to respect it. Therein lies a most fundamental principle of peace - respect for diversity. John Wooden Respect a man, and he will do all the more. How Management Can Convey Respect to Employees The culture of respect should be religiously adhered to by every person in the organization. It has to percolate from the higher management to the last person down the structure. Respect has to be proactively demonstrated, in letter and spirit. Various forms of communication and engaging social interactions can build an environment of respect for employees. One business manager used an innovative idea to make his team feel valued. He would send out a message on their group chat every week or two on what his targets and achievements were for the week. He would also welcome suggestions and feedback on the same. This made his team sense a greater level of responsibility towards their  work and would feel that their contribution had a direct bearing  on  their employers success. Another employer of a mid-size business organization would invest an hour of the day meeting up with each employee personally over lunch. In doing so, the business manager not just learned important aspects of his own organization, but he also communicated his trust and respect to each employee.

When I was Puerto Rican, by Esmeralda Santiago Essay

When I was Puerto Rican, by Esmeralda Santiago - Essay Example It is clear why the book When I was Puerto Rican has made it onto the bestseller list. Esmeralda Santiago opens up places in our minds by using descriptive narration. It is also a book that reaches out to all cultures as people from different cultures can find something to associate with. The eldest of 11 children Esmeralda Santiago (nicknamed: Negi) grew up in Puerto Rico. At age 13 her single mother moved the family to Brooklyn. Esmeralda was accepted in New York High School of Performing Arts after having only learnt English for two years. She studied in Harvard University and graduated with honors. She received her Masters' Degree from Sarah Lawrence College. She and her husband founded the award wining film and production company Contomedia. Her prestige also lies in the vast amount of dedication she has shown by working with victims of domestic violence. In this same spirit of giving she is also prided for her assistance in founding the Massachusetts based shelter for women and a Youth Service Center. When I Was Puerto Rican is a personal recollection of growing up and having to live in the ever-changing world due to hopes and dreams that need to be fulfilled. It highlights the issues that were important in the author's life, especially in her childhood.

Maintaining and Creating Digital Data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Maintaining and Creating Digital Data - Essay Example The sharing of data could be identified in terms of technological and organizational data. Data sharing by an organization is the free utility of another entity’s data in the automated or manual form. On the other hand, technological sharing of data is the potential to have one data of an agency used by a different type of automated system. The current demand for a database that is shared has been justified due to the increased hurdles in the establishment of a nationwide system and policy that follows a shared policy database. The scenario may become difficult and complicated in a political and geographical situation that occurred in India. The increasing realization of the rewards of the toe shared database organizations and authorities in India have been paying increased attention towards this direction. The establishment of the national infrastructure spatial database for the country is one of the efforts. Qatar is one country that has set nationwide GIS within the country . This is known as the first nation that adopted a nationwide policy of GIS that has been a model for different enterprise in the entire world. In fact, the Qatar nationwide GIS and the lesson from the successful implementation motivated the development of the NSDI in   Qatar is a country that lies in the continent of the central Asian. The country lies on the Saudi Arabia eastern coast, next to the Arabian Gulf. It is a small country falling in the 26 10 and 24 27 latitudes north and the 51 40 and 50 45 longitudes East covering about a space of 11521kn squared. Qatar’s territorial waters extend approximately 51 nautical miles north and 95 nautical miles east of the Arabian Gulf. The country has about 533 thousand residents according to the census in 1997. This state is an independent state in Arab. It is a state that accepts the charter of the united nations that support the rights of all nations and peoples towards self-determination.

Public Debt And Its Political Implications Economics Essay

Public Debt And Its Political Implications Economics Essay The debt limit or so called debt ceiling is the total sum of money that the US government is allowed to borrow in order to cover the existing expenditures: national defense, interest on the national debt, Medicaid and Medicare benefits and other expenditures. The debt limit enables the government to cover the spending that was negotiated between Congresses and Presidents in the past. Nevertheless, it does not apply for new, unbudgeted expenditures. If the debt ceiling limits the government to pay for expenditures that are legal obligations (e.g. interest on the national debt, government employee wages, etc.), the debt ceiling can lead to the default of the US (US Department of the Treasury, 2012). The U.S. Debt-Ceiling Crisis and the Budget Control Act of 2011 In May 2011, the Treasury declared that the debt ceiling of US $14.29 trillion had been reached, but that extraordinary measures could prevent a default and keep government operational. For several months after this announcement, the debt ceiling was in the center of a political battle between the Republicans, who controlled the House of Representatives since the 2010 elections, and President Obama and the Democrats who controlled the Senate. The Republicans insisted on revenue increases and spending cuts as condition for their approval of an increase in the debt ceiling. Both parties could not come to a compromise and by the end of July, the countrys default approached. Finally, an agreement between President Obama and Congressional leaders was reached by the night of July 31, 2011 (Eells, 2013). On August 2, 2011, President Obama signed the Budget Control Act (BCA) that raised the debt ceiling and thus averted the looming, first-ever US government default. The Budget Control Act authorized the increase of the debt limit in three installments. First, the President can require the immediate increase of the debt limit by US $400 billion. Second, the debt limit can be increased by additional US $500 billion, if a joint resolution of disapproval is not enacted. Thirdly, the President can require an additional amount between US$1.2 trillion and US $1.5 trillion that is also the subject to congressional disapproval (Heniff et al., 2011). The first two debt increases, totaling US $900 billion, should be compensated by reductions in future federal spending. The BCA also determined caps on annual expenditures over the following ten years. Estimates on federal spending reductions by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) totaled US$917 billion. For the years 2012 and 2013, the limits on security and non-security spending are separate. For the eight years thereafter, the spending cap will be effective on a single discretionary category (Heniff et al., 2011). Another part of the BCA was the establishment of a Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction. This Committee is tasked with proposing means to reduce the federal deficit by at least US $1.5 trillion over the next ten years. As a result, the BCA provides at least one dollar of spending cuts for one dollar in debt ceiling raise (Heniff et al., 2011). However, if the Joint Committee fails to produce spending cuts of at least US $1.2 trillion, then the President will be authorized to increase the debt ceiling by US $1.2 trillion that need to be compensated by a combination of the spending cuts nevertheless produced by the Joint Committee and across-the-board spending cuts, including military expenditures, education, transportation, Medicare etc. (GAO, 2012). The political battle between Republicans and Democrats had several negative consequences. The delays in raising the debt limit in 2011 resulted in additional borrowing costs for the Treasury of about US $1.3 billion only in the fiscal year 2011, which do not include the multiyear effects on potentially increased interest expenses for Treasury securities of future issues. Other challenges for the Treasury in managing the federal debt under the effects of these delays were the complexity, the time spent and the technical issues that arose before the staff. Moreover, the Treasurys employees had to focus on extraordinary actions instead of focusing on its important debt and cash management responsibilities and staff development (GAO, 2012). The US debt passed the 100%-of-GDP mark after the governments debt ceiling was increased. The new borrowing enlarged the US debt to US$14.58 trillion, surpassing the US $14.53 trillion size of the U.S. economy in the year 2010 and moving the USA into a fiscal situation similar to countries whose public debt is higher than their annual gross domestic product: Japan (229%), Greece (152%), Italy (120%), Ireland (114%) and Iceland (103%). The last time the U.S. debt exceeded GDP was in 1947 after World War II and the deficit was due to extraordinary war spending (Money News, 2011). As a result of the debt increase, Standard Poors (SP) downgraded its USA long-term sovereign credit rating from AAA to AA+ on August 5, 2011. The lowering of the long-term sovereign credit rating by SP reflects the rating agencys believe that the the effectiveness, stability, and predictability of American policymaking and political institutions have weakened at a time of ongoing fiscal and economic challenges to a degree more than was envisioned when agency assigned a negative outlook to the rating on April 18, 2011 (Swann et al., 2011). SP believed that the fiscal consolidation plan that was agreed by Congress and the President was not sufficient to stabilize the general government debt burden by 2015. Additionally, the political positions of Republicans and Democrats were still far apart and the two parties only agreed on minor savings in discretionary expenditures. The Select Committee had to provide more comprehensive solutions. The political disputes diminished the governments capability to manage public finances and distracted attention from the ultimate goals of a more balanced budget and improvement in economic growth. SPs prospect on the long-term rating is unfavorable. The agency can even decrease the long-term rating to AA, if, for instance, the US government cuts its spending less than was negotiated or the new arising fiscal burdens over the next two year period. The other two major rating agencies, Moodys and Fitch, kept their top credit ratings, although they pointed out that downgrades could follow if the US government fails to implement debt reduction measures or an economic slowdown happened (Detrixhe, 2011). After raising the debt limit to US $15.2 trillion in August 2011, Congress increased the debt limit to US $16.394 trillion in January 2012. By the end of August 2012, the amount of debt reached US $15.977 trillion, which is approximately US $417 billion below the debt limit. As the government borrows roughly between US $100 billion and US $125 billion a month, the debt was estimated to hit the limit in December 2012 (Sahadi, 2012). By December 31, 2012, the USA reached its debt ceiling, but the Treasury declared that it can pay outstanding debt obligations and other bills for the next two months. This means that a new political battle, between Congress and the White House, for another increase in the debt ceiling will start in the near future. Effects of the US government shutdowns in 1995-1996 In 2011, the US government was close to defaulting on its public debt. The potential negative consequences of a default are more severe than that of a shutdown. Nevertheless, recent shutdowns can give an example of potential harmful effects of such fiscal issues on the public and economy. In history, the US government has experienced several shutdowns (Figure XY) that occurred when Congress fails to adjust funding for the current fiscal obligations. In this situation the government can no longer borrow funds, but the federal government can continue to operate, given the Treasury has the opportunity to generate additional revenues or to implement special measures. Nevertheless, the continuing incapability to borrow would result in a default (Masters, 2013). Figure XY. Appropriations Funding Gaps: Fiscal Years 1977-1998 Fiscal Year Date gap Commenced   Full day(s)   of gaps Date gap terminated   1977 Thursday 09-30-76 10 Monday 10-11-76 1978 Friday 09-30-77 12 Thursday 10-13-17 Monday 10-31-77 8 Wednesday 11-09-77 Wednesday 11-30-77 8 Friday 12-09-77 1979 Saturday 09-30-78 17 Wednesday 10-18-78 1980 Sunday 09-30-79 11 Friday 10-12-79 1982 Friday 11-20-81 2 Monday 11-23-81 1983 Thursday 9-30-82 1 Saturday 10-2-82 Friday 12-17-82 3 Tuesday 12-21-82 1984 Thursday 11-10-83 3 Monday 11-14-83 1985 Sunday 9-30-84 2 Wednesday 10-3-84 Wednesday 10-3-84 1 Friday 10-5-84 1987 Thursday 10-16-86 1 Saturday 10-18-86 1988 Friday 12-18-87 1 Sunday 12-20-87 1991 Friday 10-5-90 3 Tuesday 10-9-90 1996 Monday 11-13-95 5 Sunday 11-19-95 Friday 12-15-95 21 Saturday 1-6-96 Figure : Appropriations Funding Gaps (Source: U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service) The longest US government shutdown was a shutdown in the years 1995-1996. The U.S. government was shut down for 21 days between the December 16, 1995 and January 6th, 1996 due to the budgetary mismatches between Democratic President Bill Clinton and Republican Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. In 1995, Clinton denied to cut steeply Medicaid, Medicare and other non-defense expenditures for the 1996 budget. Gingrich responded with the threat that Congress would not approve the increase in the debt ceiling. This would lead the USA to default on its outstanding debt. The first shutdown lasted five days from November 13 until 19 when both parties made an agreement to balance the budget in seven years period. However, the White House and Congress could not agree how this procedure would be accomplished resulting in the second US shutdown for 21 days. Negotiations between the President and Congress over the next 21 days resulted in the agreed seven-year balanced budget plan. The plan cons isted of the tax increases and the little spending cuts (Fiscal Politics Policy from 1970s to the Present). Gressle (1999) showed the effects of the US government shutdown on the public and economy. The first and the second shutdowns in 1995-1996 years resulted in the furlough of an estimated 800000 and 284000 federal employees respectively. The second shutdown had vast effects on all sectors of the economy. A good example is the health care sector where new patients were not accepted into National Institute of Health (HIN) Clinical Center and the hotline calls to HIN regarding health problems were not answered. Around 20000-30000 applicants for US visa were not served each day resulting in million dollar losses for airlines and tourist industries. The closure of 368 National Parks led to the loss of 7 million visitors and US$14.2 million per day in tourism income by locals. After the 1995-1996 shutdowns, President Clinton improved his image (Lader, 2008). The majority of Americans understood that both shutdowns were due to the Republican obstinacy. Nevertheless, the shutdowns in 1995-1996 showed the aftermaths of divided government and the shift of the political policy to the rightwing. Fiscal Cliff There are a lot of expressions for the issue often called fiscal cliff: fiscal slope, austerity crisis or fiscal obstacle course. However, all of them describe the same process, particularly, the automatic tax increases and spending cuts that take effect on January 1, 2013. However, the first person who popularized the term fiscal cliff was the chairman of the Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke. The chairman used this expression in a speech to a congressional committee in February 2012 in reference to a combination of spending cuts and tax increases set for January 1, 2013. Afterwards, the phrase was used widespread (Geoghegan, 2012). The majority of analysts predict that the implementation of the tax and spending cuts on January 1, 2013 will have no significant influence on the economy as a whole in the short run. At the same time, the long-term effects of these measures would be tremendous. If a deal can not be reached by the White House and Congress, it might have uncertain effects on the economy such as a market panic, a drop in consumer spending, a decrease in business investments, etc. The Congressional Budget Office calculated that the budget deficit would decrease by US $0.5 trillion from 2012 to 2013 and the economy would slow down due to a resulting recession. Almost all Americans would experience a rise of their tax bills with the estimated increase at US $3500 and an after-tax income decline by 6.2% for the average family (Lowrey, 2012). On Tuesday January 1, 2013, Congress approved a deal to end the long partisan dispute over the fiscal cliff. The main changes that were set were the end of last years temporary payroll tax cuts (resulting in a 2% tax increase for workers), the end of certain tax breaks for businesses, shifts in the alternative minimum tax that would take a larger bite, a rollback of the Bush tax cuts from 2001-2003, and the beginning of taxes related to President Obamas health care law. At the same time, the spending cuts agreed upon as part of the debt ceiling deal of 2011 will begin to go into effect (Kenny, 2013). The agreement leads to the increase of the tax rate from 35% to 39.6 % for single persons who earn US $400000 and for couples with an income above US $450000 per year. Americans should also pay higher taxes on dividends and capital gains with the tax rate rising from 15% to 20%. Also, the tax for estates with a value above US$5 million will be taxed by 40% (previous rate 35%), but Republicans succeeded in indexing the threshold of US $5 million to inflation and thus smoothing the effects of the estate tax for wealthy Americans (Ungar, 2013). Among other changes were the extension of an additional year of unemployment benefits for nearly 2 million Americans, the doctor fix related to Medicare and tax credits for college tuition that were extended for another five years (Ungar, 2013). The agreement prevents a significant increase of income tax for around 100 million American families that earn less than US $250000 annually. However, the 2% payroll tax cut, that was originally part of the 2009 stimulus package, will expire (Montgomery and Helderman, 2013). The above measures will prevent the severe economic downturn that could happen in case of going over the fiscal cliff. President Obama pointed out in his brief statement that the new measures would produce US $620 billion in new tax revenues (Montgomery and Helderman, 2013). In conclusion, the new measures that were set to avoid the fiscal cliff were not the ultimate goal of neither Republicans nor Democrats. Republicans are not satisfied with the tax increases and the lack of spending reductions, while Democrats complain about the provisions regarding estates. It seems that the political dispute will continue in the near future and the agreement signed on December 31, 2012 was just a short-term fix to avoid the fiscal cliff. Foreign Holdings of US Public Debt and its Political Implications A crucial point in analyzing the current situation of US public debt and its political implications is the detailed understanding of foreign holdings. As of July 2012 (most recent data), foreign countries owned a total of US dollar 5.4 trillion of U.S. debt, which is approximately 34% of total debt outstanding of US dollar 15.9 trillion. The three largest single foreign holders are the central banks of China, Japan and Brazil. Comparing the situation in July 2012 with the state in July 2002, one can see that the proportion of foreign holdings in US public debt outstanding has grown from approximately 19% to 34% (Treasury Direct, 2012). Figure XY shows that as of July 2012, China is the largest single holder of US public debt with a share of approximately 7.2% followed by Japan with a corresponding share of about 7.0% (US Department of the Treasury, 2012). Figure : Foreign Holdings of US Public Debt (Source: Treasury Direct, 2012 U.S. Department of the Treasury, 2012) Given its low savings rate, the US economy is strongly dependent on foreign capital inflows from countries with high savings rates (for example China  [1]  ) to meet its domestic investment needs and to fund the federal budget deficit. Important to understand is that the willingness of foreign countries to invest in the US economy and to purchase US public debt has helped to keep US real interest rates relatively low in the past, which until recently, contributed to a great extent to a fast US economic growth and enabled the country to consume more that it produces for a long time. Some renowned economists also argue that the US dependency on foreign savings was a contributing factor to the US subprime crisis and the subsequent global financial crisis. However, the size and the recent growth of US public debt have raised concerns about the willingness of foreign countries to continue to invest in US public debt securities. For example, some Chinese analysts claimed that the gover nment should diversify its reserves away from US dollar assets into assets of other currencies. An important short-term political implication of Chinas large holdings in US public debt is that, if China might suddenly decide to sell a large share of its holdings, this would induce other foreign investors to sell off their holdings as well, which could dramatically destabilize the US economy. Possible consequences can be the depreciation of the US dollar as its supply on foreign exchange markets increased and a large increase in US interest rates as a crucial source of funding for investments and the budget deficit is withdrawn from financial markets (Morrison and Labonte, 2012). Therefore, China seems currently able to destabilize the US economy through the sale of a large share of its US debt holdings, which can be seen as a financial weapon (Sandbrook, 2012). In addition, in the long run, if China reduces its US securities, the US would need to replace it with other foreign or domestic investors to fill in the gap. Those investors would probably have to be acquired through higher interest rates compared to those of today. Increased interest rates would cause a fall in all kinds of interest-sensitive spending. The reducing of Chinese Treasury holdings would all else equal cause the foreign demand for US assets do decline, which would then lead to a dollar depreciation (Morrison and Labonte, 2012). All in all, given a large reduction in Chinas holdings of US public debt, the impact on the US economy would still be dependent on whether this reduction takes place gradually or suddenly. Some US policymakers also argue that Chinas large holdings of US public debt give it leverage over the United States on economic and noneconomic issues. An illustrative example of this concern is Ding Gang, an editor of Chinas Peoples Daily  [2]  , who wrote in an editorial in August 2011 that the Peoples Republic of China should create a direct link between the amount of US Treasury holdings with the US arms sales to Taiwan. Gang states Now is the time for China to use its financial weapon to teach the United States a lesson if it moves forward with a plan to sale arms to Taiwan. In fact, China has never wanted to use its holdings of U.S. debt as a weapon. It is the United States that is forcing it to do so. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] China has no choice but to use it as a weapon to defend itself when facing threats to Chinas sovereignty (Gang, 2011). Altogether, Chinas holdings in US public debt can be seen as a strong instrument to put pressure on the United States with regards to poli tical disputes between the two countries. As a result, the growing dependency of the US on China to purchase US Treasury securities to fund the countrys budget deficit has become a major concern to many US policymakers (Morrison and Labonte, 2012). However, the probability that China would suddenly reduce its holdings of US public debt is highly questionable because of the fact that doing so could potentially have a significant negative impact on the Chinese economy as well. The important causality which takes away Chinas incentive to sell is the fact that any Chinese attempt to sell a large portion of its US debt holdings could, on the one hand, dramatically reduce the value of its remaining holdings in international markets. On the other hand, a negative demand shock in the United States would also dramatically reduce US demand for Chinese exports, either through an appreciation of the Chinese Yuan against the US Dollar or a reduction in the US economic growth (especially if other foreign investors sell their US asset holdings as well and the United States are forced to raise interest rates in response) (Morrison and Labonte, 2012). This is especially severe because of the fact that China was the United States largest supplie r of goods imports in 2011. US goods imports from China totaled U.S. dollar 399 billion in 2011, a 9.4% increase from 2010 and up 299% since 2000. Imports from China into the United States accounted for 18% of overall US imports in 2010 (Office of the United State Trade Representative, 2012). A sharp reduction of US imports from China could therefore have a significant negative impact on Chinas economy, which heavily depends on exports into the United States for its economic growth. Moreover, in the case of China, economic growth is also seen as a vital source of political stability and therefore in the interest of the government. Consequently, it can be argued that the US and Chinese economies are mutually dependent  [3]  on each other, which, as a matter of fact, gives China very little leverage over US policy (Morrison and Labonte, 2012). The former US Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers called the mutual damage which would occur to the US and Chinese economies the balance of financial terror (Dorn, 2008). For some time, this balance of financial terror as well as the global financial system has kept China off from exploiting their power position (Dorn, 2008). Nonetheless, regardless of the balance of financial terror, growing bilateral tensions over the US public debt between the United States and China can clearly be observed. For example, the government-controlled Chinese newspaper Xinhua News Agency expressed a lot of criticism on US economic policies regarding the US public debt situation: With its debt approximating its annual economic output, it is time for Washington to revisit the time-tested common sense that one should live within ones means (Xinhua News Agency, July 2011). The days when the debt-ridden Uncle Sam could leisurely squander unlimited overseas borrowing appeared to be numbered as its triple A-credit rating was slashed by Standard Poors (SP) for the first time on Friday. China, the largest creditor of the worlds sole superpower, has every right now to demand the United States to address its structural debt problems and ensure the safety of Chinas dollar assets (Xinhua News Agency, August 2011). To relieve further bilateral tensions between the two countries, China should pursue a more market-liberal path and the United States should abstain from implementing protectionist measures. Doing this, the US-China relationship should develop peacefully and global prosperity will continue. Consequently, the balance of financial terror would collapse and give way to free trade and capital freedom (Dorn, 2008). In conclusion, the main political issue from the perspective of the United States is not Chinas large holdings of US public debt per se, but rather the high US reliance on foreign capital in general and whether this reliance is sustainable in the future (Morrison and Labonte, 2012). Policymakers in the United States should therefore think about the medium- and long-run implications of the countrys high amount of public debt held by foreigners. To do that in an appropriate way, they have to take into account and to understand the economic and political relationships between the United States and its debt holders, with China leading the way. A first step to mitigate the problem is to launch political measures so that the United States increases its level of savings in the long-term in order to reduce the vulnerability to a possible shift away from US assets by foreign investors (Morrison and Labonte, 2012). The Role of U.S. Public Debt in the Global Economy Undoubtedly, the United States still plays an exceptional role in the global economy. First of all, the country is the largest economy in the world. Secondly, it clearly dominates the global monetary system: The United States capital markets are among the most liquid ones (Schuman, 2011) and the special status of the dollar as the worlds reserve currency has become an crucial aspect of Americas power, allowing the country to borrow effortlessly and maintain an assertive foreign policy (Warnock, 2010). In addition, the US dollar is the primary currency used in foreign exchange transactions and trade. Also, as already mentioned in the chapter before, countries such as China and Japan store their national wealth to a large extent in US public debt. The perception has always been that the United States has a safe haven status, meaning that when investors get nervous, they increase dollar-based assets, and especially also US public debt (Schuman, 2011). Having said all this, given the exc eptional status of the United States in the world economy, the global economic and political consequences of the development of US public debt are substantial. Increasing US public debt bears the risk of a fundamental change in the perception of the safe haven status of the United States. Schuman (2011) speculates on what would happen if this change in perception comes true  [4]  : US Treasury securities would be seen as riskier than before and would consequently lose their attractiveness. As a result, interest rates would increase in the United States, raising borrowing costs in the economy and making it more difficult for the US government to finance debt and budget deficits. This can potentially lead to a significant decrease in investments and consumption. The US dollar will presumably depreciate, which will devaluate currency reserves around the globe. All those effects taken together will have negative consequences on the growth of the US economy, lowering living standards for Americans and eventually leading to a slower growth of the world economy. To put it simple, a loss of confidence in the United States as a safe haven results in higher interest rates, which will automatically have negative consequences on the world economy (International Monetary Fund, 2012). Therefore, the exceptional role of the United States makes its public debt situation dangerous for the shape of the global economy due to the fact that overwhelming debt amounts can cause effects that potentially destabilize the world economy. In addition, the ten-year US Treasury bond has the status of the worlds risk-free asset, meaning that the United States is the basic standard by which risk in financial markets is assessed (Warnock, 2010). This is sometimes referred to as the risk-free standard and is a basic convention regularly used in all different kinds of valuations in the daily business world. In particular, the risk-free standard is an important measure in the context of corporate and asset valuation (Damodaran, 2008). Loosing the safe haven status of the United States as a possible consequence of the above-described developments means loosing the risk-free standard convention, resulting in global efficiency losses and higher risks of economic and financial fragmentation (Schuman, 2011). Although the United States exceptional status in the world economy makes its debt situation risky, that status obviously gives the country particular protection as well. A meaningful example of this protection is the warning of Standard Poors to downgrade the United States from its traditional prized AAA credit rating in April 2011 (Schuman, 2011): This warning was a strong signal that Standard Poors was not concerned about the special status of the US in the global economy, meaning that if the country is not able to get its debt situation under control, it will be confronted with a downgrade similar to those of Greece, Spain or Japan. However, financial market participants acted against what economic intuition and theory tells us. US Treasuries weakened immediately after Standard Poors announcement, a clear indication that investors were selling them. Nevertheless, they returned to their old strength shortly afterwards, suggesting that investors even bought US public debt after S tandard Poors warning instead of selling them to a large extent (Schuman, 2011). Moreover, some reactions of major US bondholders indicated that they are not concerned about the countrys financial condition. For example, at the time Japanese Finance Minister Yoshihiko Noda mentioned: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] basically we continue to believe that US Treasuries are an attractive product for us (Channel NewsAsia, 2011). A further crucial point in the context of the role of US public debt in the global economy is the argument that US policymakers have been relying probably subconsciously on the exceptional status of the United States (Schuman, 2011).  [5]  The particular role of the US in the global economy leads to the outcome that the country does not have to face dangers other nations could never avoid. A political implication of this behavior is presumably that according to some critical authors and journalists the United States are one of the few heavily indebted developed economies that does not have a credible plan to control deficits and debt  [6]  (Schuman, 2011). To put it in simple words, US policymakers have possibly been banking on being like American International Group (AIG) or General Motors (GM) in America or UBS in Switzerland, acting as if the country is too big to fail  [7]  . In conclusion, one can state that a debt crisis in Portugal for example can potentially create uncertainty through world financial markets, and if a larger country such as Spain fell into crisis, this uncertainty could have destabilizing effects. But US public debt bears the risk of crashing the entire operating system of the global economy. Hen